Friedrich Engels’ perspective on human–nature relations: implications for achieving net zero in contemporary Vietnam

Abstract

The relationship between human beings and nature is inherently dialectical, characterized by continuous mutual interaction. In this relationship, human beings act as subjects who exploit natural resources to meet their needs; however, nature also exerts reciprocal influences on humans in various ways. These effects can be positive when human interventions in nature are carried out in a planned and scientific manner. Conversely, unplanned actions or those that ignore natural laws inevitably lead to negative consequences for human life. At present, Vietnam faces significant impacts from climate change, natural disasters, and environmental pollution, particularly in urban areas and large cities, which deteriorate quality of life and generate numerous health risks. These challenges reflect global issues, in response to which Vietnam has committed, through its pledge to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, to balance greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, this article, in addition to presenting the main perspectives on the relationship between human beings and nature formulated by Friedrich Engels, highlights the theoretical and practical implications of this relationship. On this basis, it proposes several recommendations aimed at contributing to the achievement of Vietnam’s current Net Zero objectives.